Biomarker Glossary
Your comprehensive guide to understanding blood test results. Learn what each biomarker means, optimal ranges, and symptoms of imbalance.
Iron Panel
Ferritin
Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in your cells and releases it when your body needs it. It's t...
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to ...
Serum Iron
Serum iron measures the amount of iron currently circulating in your blood. Unlike ferritin, it refl...
Vitamins
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that your skin produces when exposed to sunlight. It acts more li...
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is essential for nerve function, DNA synthesis, and red blood cell formation. It's found...
Folate
Folate (Vitamin B9) is essential for cell division, DNA synthesis, and proper fetal development. It ...
Magnesium (RBC)
An essential mineral involved in over 300 metabolic reactions, including energy production, muscle f...
Omega-3 Index
The Omega-3 Index measures the percentage of EPA and DHA (omega-3 fatty acids) in your red blood cel...
Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol)
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. Alpha-toc...
CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10)
Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is a fat-soluble compound essential for mitochondrial energy production. E...
Zinc
Zinc is an essential trace mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions. It's critical for immun...
Thyroid
TSH
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is produced by your pituitary gland and signals your thyroid to pr...
Free T4
Free T4 (thyroxine) is the unbound, active form of the main hormone produced by your thyroid gland. ...
T3
T3 (triiodothyronine) is the most active thyroid hormone. Most T3 is created when T4 is converted in...
Lipid Panel
Total Cholesterol
Total cholesterol is the sum of all cholesterol in your blood, including HDL, LDL, and VLDL. Cholest...
LDL Cholesterol
LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol carries cholesterol to your arteries. When levels are too ...
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)
ApoB is the primary protein on LDL, VLDL, and Lp(a) particles. Since each atherogenic particle has e...
Lipoprotein(a)
Lipoprotein(a) is a modified LDL particle with an additional protein (apolipoprotein(a)) attached. L...
Oxidized LDL
Oxidized LDL forms when LDL cholesterol particles undergo oxidative damage from free radicals. This ...
HDL Cholesterol
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol picks up excess cholesterol in your blood and carries it ...
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in your body. They store unused calories and provide e...
Cholesterol Ratio (Total/HDL)
The ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol. A lower ratio indicates a healthier balance of ch...
Metabolic
Fasting Glucose
Fasting glucose measures the amount of sugar in your blood after not eating for at least 8 hours. It...
HbA1c
HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) reflects your average blood sugar over the past 2-3 months. It shows wha...
Fasting Insulin
Measures the amount of insulin in your blood after fasting. It is the earliest warning sign of insul...
Uric Acid
A waste product found in blood. High levels can lead to gout or kidney stones....
Kidney Function
Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product from normal muscle metabolism. Your kidneys filter it from your blood,...
eGFR
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) measures how well your kidneys filter waste from your bl...
BUN
Blood Urea Nitrogen measures the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood. Urea is a waste product form...
Liver Function
ALT
ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) is an enzyme found mainly in your liver. When liver cells are damaged...
AST
AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase) is an enzyme found in your liver, heart, and muscles. Elevated leve...
GGT
A liver enzyme that is a highly sensitive marker for liver damage, bile duct issues, and alcohol con...
Inflammation
CRP
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is produced by your liver in response to inflammation. High-sensitivity CRP...
IL-6 (Interleukin-6)
A cytokine produced by immune cells that plays a dual role in inflammation—both promoting and resolv...
TNF-alpha
A pro-inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by macrophages. TNF-alpha helps coordinate the immune...
Fibrinogen
A protein produced by the liver that's essential for blood clotting. When activated, fibrinogen conv...
Hormones
Testosterone (Total)
The primary male sex hormone, though vital for both sexes. It regulates libido, bone mass, fat distr...
Cortisol (Morning)
The body's primary stress hormone. It controls blood sugar, regulates metabolism, and helps reduce i...
Oestradiol / Estradiol (E2)
The strongest form of estrogen. It helps regulate the menstrual cycle in women and supports bone hea...
DHEA-S
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is a hormone produced by your adrenal glands. It serves as a...
Total PSA
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by cells of the prostate gland. Total PSA meas...
LH
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a key role in reproductive function. In men it ...
Blood Count
WBC (White Blood Cells)
Major component of the immune system. This count measures the number of white blood cells in your bl...
Platelets
Tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding....
RBC (Red Blood Cells)
Measures the number of red blood cells in your blood. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry o...
Hematocrit
The percentage of your blood volume that is made up of red blood cells. It indicates how much of you...
Longevity
Homocysteine
Homocysteine is an amino acid produced during methionine metabolism. It requires B vitamins (B6, B12...
NAD+ (Intracellular)
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in every cell of your body. It's centra...
Telomere Length
Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division. Measu...
GlycanAge
GlycanAge measures biological age through glycan patterns (sugar molecules) on immunoglobulin G anti...
Cystatin C
Cystatin C is a small protein filtered by the kidneys. Unlike creatinine, it's not affected by muscl...
IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1)
A hormone similar in structure to insulin that plays a key role in growth and development. Produced ...
SHBG (Sex Hormone Binding Globulin)
A protein produced by the liver that binds to sex hormones (testosterone, estradiol, DHT) and transp...
DHEA-S/Cortisol Ratio
A calculated ratio comparing your anabolic hormone (DHEA-S) to your catabolic stress hormone (cortis...
Oxidative Stress
8-OHdG (DNA Oxidation Marker)
8-OHdG is a modified nucleoside produced when reactive oxygen species damage DNA. Excreted in urine,...
MDA (Malondialdehyde)
Malondialdehyde is a toxic aldehyde produced when polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes unde...
Glutathione Ratio (GSH/GSSG)
This ratio compares reduced glutathione (GSH, the active antioxidant form) to oxidized glutathione (...
Selenium
Selenium is an essential trace mineral that functions as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes (glutath...
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